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content/posts/building-proxmox-templates-packer-github-actions/index.md
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@ -262,7 +262,613 @@ The layout of my [Packer Proxmox repo](https://github.com/jbowdre/packer-proxmox
- `build.sh` is a (symlink to a) wrapper script which helps with running the builds locally. - `build.sh` is a (symlink to a) wrapper script which helps with running the builds locally.
- `vault-env.sh` exports variables for connecting to my Vault instance for use by `build.sh`. - `vault-env.sh` exports variables for connecting to my Vault instance for use by `build.sh`.
Lets drill into that `cloud-init` template file first, `builds/linux/ubuntu/22-04-lts/data/user-data.pkrtpl.hcl`. It follows the basic YAML-based syntax of a standard [cloud config file](https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/examples.html), but with some [HCL templating](https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer/docs/templates/hcl_templates/functions/file/templatefile) to pull in certain values from elsewhere. #### Input Variable Definitions
Let's take a quick look at the variable definitions in `variables.pkr.hcl` first. All it does is define the available variables along with their type, provide a brief description about what the variable should hold or be used for, and set sane defaults for some of them.
{{% notice note "Input Variables and Local Variables" %}}
There are two types of variables used with Packer:
- **[Input Variables](https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer/docs/templates/hcl_templates/variables)** may have defined defaults, can be overridden, but cannot be changed after that initial override. They serve as build parameters, allowing aspects of the build to be altered without having to change the source code.
- **[Local Variables](https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer/docs/templates/hcl_templates/locals)** are useful for assigning a name to an expression. These expressions are evaluated at run time and can work with input variables, other local variables, data sources, and built-in functions.
Input variables are great for those predefined values, while local variables can be really handy for stuff that needs to be more dynamic.
{{% /notice %}}
```hcl
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
/*
Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS variables using the Packer Builder for Proxmox.
*/
// BLOCK: variable
// Defines the input variables.
// Virtual Machine Settings
variable "remove_cdrom" {
type = bool
description = "Remove the virtual CD-ROM(s)."
default = true
}
variable "vm_name" {
type = string
description = "Name of the new template to create."
}
variable "vm_cpu_cores" {
type = number
description = "The number of virtual CPUs cores per socket. (e.g. '1')"
}
variable "vm_cpu_count" {
type = number
description = "The number of virtual CPUs. (e.g. '2')"
}
variable "vm_cpu_type" { # [tl! collapse:start]
type = string
description = "The virtual machine CPU type. (e.g. 'host')"
}
variable "vm_disk_size" {
type = string
description = "The size for the virtual disk (e.g. '60G')"
default = "60G"
}
variable "vm_bios_type" {
type = string
description = "The virtual machine BIOS type (e.g. 'ovmf' or 'seabios')"
default = "ovmf"
}
variable "vm_guest_os_keyboard" {
type = string
description = "The guest operating system keyboard input."
default = "us"
}
variable "vm_guest_os_language" {
type = string
description = "The guest operating system lanugage."
default = "en_US"
}
variable "vm_guest_os_timezone" {
type = string
description = "The guest operating system timezone."
default = "UTC"
}
variable "vm_guest_os_type" {
type = string
description = "The guest operating system type. (e.g. 'l26' for Linux 2.6+)"
}
variable "vm_mem_size" {
type = number
description = "The size for the virtual memory in MB. (e.g. '2048')"
}
variable "vm_network_model" {
type = string
description = "The virtual network adapter type. (e.g. 'e1000', 'vmxnet3', or 'virtio')"
default = "virtio"
}
variable "vm_scsi_controller" {
type = string
description = "The virtual SCSI controller type. (e.g. 'virtio-scsi-single')"
default = "virtio-scsi-single"
}
// VM Guest Partition Sizes
variable "vm_guest_part_audit" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /var/log/audit partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_boot" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /boot partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_efi" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /boot/efi partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_home" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /home partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_log" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /var/log partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_root" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /var partition in MB. Set to 0 to consume all remaining free space."
default = 0
}
variable "vm_guest_part_swap" {
type = number
description = "Size of the swap partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_tmp" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /tmp partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_var" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /var partition in MB."
}
variable "vm_guest_part_vartmp" {
type = number
description = "Size of the /var/tmp partition in MB."
}
// Removable Media Settings
variable "cd_label" {
type = string
description = "CD Label"
default = "cidata"
}
variable "iso_checksum_type" {
type = string
description = "The checksum algorithm used by the vendor. (e.g. 'sha256')"
}
variable "iso_checksum_value" {
type = string
description = "The checksum value provided by the vendor."
}
variable "iso_file" {
type = string
description = "The file name of the ISO image used by the vendor. (e.g. 'ubuntu-<version>-live-server-amd64.iso')"
}
variable "iso_url" {
type = string
description = "The URL source of the ISO image. (e.g. 'https://mirror.example.com/.../os.iso')"
}
// Boot Settings
variable "vm_boot_command" {
type = list(string)
description = "The virtual machine boot command."
default = []
}
variable "vm_boot_wait" {
type = string
description = "The time to wait before boot."
}
// Communicator Settings and Credentials
variable "build_remove_keys" {
type = bool
description = "If true, Packer will attempt to remove its temporary key from ~/.ssh/authorized_keys and /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
default = true
}
variable "communicator_insecure" {
type = bool
description = "If true, do not check server certificate chain and host name"
default = true
}
variable "communicator_port" {
type = string
description = "The port for the communicator protocol."
}
variable "communicator_ssl" {
type = bool
description = "If true, use SSL"
default = true
}
variable "communicator_timeout" {
type = string
description = "The timeout for the communicator protocol."
}
// Provisioner Settings
variable "cloud_init_apt_packages" {
type = list(string)
description = "A list of apt packages to install during the subiquity cloud-init installer."
default = []
}
variable "cloud_init_apt_mirror" {
type = string
description = "Sets the default apt mirror during the subiquity cloud-init installer."
default = ""
}
variable "post_install_scripts" {
type = list(string)
description = "A list of scripts and their relative paths to transfer and run after OS install."
default = []
}
variable "pre_final_scripts" {
type = list(string)
description = "A list of scripts and their relative paths to transfer and run before finalization."
default = []
} # [tl! collapse:end]
```
(Collapsed because I think you get the idea, but feel free to expand to view the whole thing.)
#### Input Variable Assignments
Now that I've told Packer about what variables I intend to use, I can then go about setting values for those variables. That's done in the `linux-server.auto.pkrvars.hcl` file.
```hcl
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
/*
Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS variables used by the Packer Builder for Proxmox.
*/
// Guest Operating System Metadata
vm_guest_os_keyboard = "us"
vm_guest_os_language = "en_US"
vm_guest_os_timezone = "America/Chicago"
// Virtual Machine Guest Operating System Setting
vm_guest_os_type = "l26"
//Virtual Machine Guest Partition Sizes (in MB)
vm_guest_part_audit = 4096 # [tl! **:9 ~~:9]
vm_guest_part_boot = 512
vm_guest_part_efi = 512
vm_guest_part_home = 8192
vm_guest_part_log = 4096
vm_guest_part_root = 0
vm_guest_part_swap = 1024
vm_guest_part_tmp = 4096
vm_guest_part_var = 8192
vm_guest_part_vartmp = 1024
// Virtual Machine Hardware Settings
vm_cpu_cores = 1 # [tl! **:8 ~~:8]
vm_cpu_count = 2
vm_cpu_type = "host"
vm_disk_size = "60G" #
vm_bios_type = "ovmf"
vm_mem_size = 2048 #
vm_name = "Ubuntu2204"
vm_network_card = "virtio"
vm_scsi_controller = "virtio-scsi-single"
// Removable Media Settings
iso_checksum_type = "sha256" # [tl! **:3 ~~:3]
iso_checksum_value = "45f873de9f8cb637345d6e66a583762730bbea30277ef7b32c9c3bd6700a32b2" #
iso_file = "ubuntu-22.04.4-live-server-amd64.iso"
iso_url = "https://releases.ubuntu.com/jammy/ubuntu-22.04.4-live-server-amd64.iso"
remove_cdrom = true
// Boot Settings
boot_key_interval = "250ms"
vm_boot_wait = "4s"
vm_boot_command = [ # [tl! **:8 ~~:8]
"<esc><wait>c",
"linux /casper/vmlinuz --- autoinstall ds=\"nocloud\"",
"<enter><wait5s>",
"initrd /casper/initrd",
"<enter><wait5s>",
"boot",
"<enter>"
]
// Communicator Settings
communicator_port = 22
communicator_timeout = "25m"
// Provisioner Settings
cloud_init_apt_packages = [ # [tl! **:7 ~~:7]
"cloud-guest-utils",
"net-tools",
"perl",
"qemu-guest-agent",
"vim",
"wget"
]
post_install_scripts = [ # [tl! **:9 ~~:9]
"scripts/linux/wait-for-cloud-init.sh",
"scripts/linux/cleanup-subiquity.sh",
"scripts/linux/install-ca-certs.sh",
"scripts/linux/disable-multipathd.sh",
"scripts/linux/prune-motd.sh",
"scripts/linux/persist-cloud-init-net.sh",
"scripts/linux/configure-pam_mkhomedir.sh",
"scripts/linux/update-packages.sh"
]
pre_final_scripts = [ # [tl! **:6 ~~:6]
"scripts/linux/cleanup-cloud-init.sh",
"scripts/linux/cleanup-packages.sh",
"builds/linux/ubuntu/22-04-lts/hardening.sh",
"scripts/linux/zero-disk.sh",
"scripts/linux/generalize.sh"
]
```
As you can see, this sets up a lot of the properties which aren't strictly environment specific, like:
- partition sizes (ll. 14-23),
- virtual hardware settings (ll. 26-34),
- the hash and URL for the installer ISO (ll. 37-40),
- the command to be run at first boot to start the installer in unattended mode (ll. 47-53),
- a list of packages to install during the `cloud-init` install phase, primarily the sort that might be needed during later steps (ll. 62-67),
- a list of scripts to execute after `cloud-init` (ll. 71-78),
- and a list of scripts to run at the very end of the process (ll. 82-86).
We'll look at the specifics of those scripts shortly, but first...
#### Packer Build File
Let's explore the Packer build file, `linux-server.pkr.hcl`, which is the set of instructions used by Packer for performing the deployment. It's what ties everything else together.
This one is kind of complex so we'll take it a block or two at a time.
It starts by setting the required minimum version of Packer and identifying what plugins (and versions) will be used to perform the build. I'm using the [Packer plugin for Proxmox](https://github.com/hashicorp/packer-plugin-proxmox) for executing the build on Proxmox (*duh*), and the [Packer SSH key plugin](https://github.com/ivoronin/packer-plugin-sshkey) to simplify handling of SSH keys (we'll see how in the next block).
```hcl
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
/*
Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS template using the Packer Builder for Proxmox.
*/
// BLOCK: packer
// The Packer configuration.
packer {
required_version = ">= 1.9.4" # [tl! ** ~~]
required_plugins {
proxmox = { # [tl! **:2 ~~:2]
version = ">= 1.1.8"
source = "github.com/hashicorp/proxmox"
}
ssh-key = { # [tl! **:2 ~~:2]
version = "= 1.0.3"
source = "github.com/ivoronin/sshkey"
}
}
}
```
This bit creates the `sshkey` data resource which uses the SSH plugin to generate a new SSH keypair to be used during the build process:
```hcl
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":22}
// BLOCK: locals
// Defines the local variables.
// Dynamically-generated SSH key
data "sshkey" "install" { # [tl! **:2 ~~:2]
type = "ed25519"
name = "packer_key"
}
```
This first set of `locals {}` blocks take advantage of the dynamic nature of local variables. They call the [`vault` function](https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer/docs/templates/hcl_templates/functions/contextual/vault) to retrieve secrets from Vault and hold them as local variables. It's broken into a section for "standard" variables, which just hold configuration information like URLs and usernames, and one for "sensitive" variables like passwords and API tokens. The sensitive ones get `sensitive = true` to make sure they won't be printed in the logs anywhere.
```hcl
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":31}
////////////////// Vault Locals //////////////////
// To retrieve secrets from Vault, the following environment variables MUST be defined:
// - VAULT_ADDR : base URL of the Vault server ('https://vault.example.com/')
// - VAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace path to where the secrets live ('organization/sub-org', only for Vault Enterprise)
// - VAULT_TOKEN : token ID with rights to read/list
//
// Syntax for the vault() call:
// vault("SECRET_ENGINE/data/SECRET_NAME", "KEY")
//
// Standard configuration values:
locals { # [tl! **:10]
build_public_key = vault("packer/data/linux", "public_key") // SSH public key for the default admin account
build_username = vault("packer/data/linux", "username") // Username for the default admin account
proxmox_url = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "api_url") // Proxmox API URL
proxmox_insecure_connection = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "insecure_connection") // Allow insecure connections to Proxmox
proxmox_node = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "node") // Proxmox node to use for the build
proxmox_token_id = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "token_id") // Proxmox token ID
proxmox_iso_path = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "iso_path") // Path to the ISO storage
proxmox_vm_storage_pool = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "vm_storage_pool") // Proxmox storage pool to use for the build
proxmox_iso_storage_pool = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "iso_storage_pool") // Proxmox storage pool to use for the ISO
proxmox_network_bridge = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "network_bridge") // Proxmox network bridge to use for the build
}
// Sensitive values:
local "bootloader_password"{ # [tl! **:10]
expression = vault("packer/data/linux", "bootloader_password") // Password to set for the bootloader
sensitive = true
}
local "build_password_hash" {
expression = vault("packer/data/linux", "password_hash") // Password hash for the default admin account
sensitive = true
}
local "proxmox_token_secret" {
expression = vault("packer/data/proxmox", "token_secret") // Token secret for authenticating to Proxmox
sensitive = true
}
////////////////// End Vault Locals //////////////////
```
And the next `locals {}` block leverages other expressions to:
- dynamically set `local.build_date` to the current time (l. 70),
- combine individual string variables, like `local.iso_checksum` and `local.iso_path` (ll. 73-74),
- define a shutdown command to clean up sudoers includes and shutdown the VM at the end of the build (ll. 75),
- capture the keypair generated by the SSH key plugin (ll. 76-77),
- and use the []`templatefile()` function](https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer/docs/templates/hcl_templates/functions/file/templatefile) to process the `cloud-init` config file and insert appropriate variables (ll. 78-101)
```hcl
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":69}
locals {
build_date = formatdate("YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm ZZZ", timestamp()) # [tl! ** ~~]
build_description = "Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS template\nBuild date: ${local.build_date}\nBuild tool: ${local.build_tool}"
build_tool = "HashiCorp Packer ${packer.version}"
iso_checksum = "${var.iso_checksum_type}:${var.iso_checksum_value}" # [tl! **:2 ~~:2]
iso_path = "${local.proxmox_iso_path}/${var.iso_file}"
shutdown_command = "sudo sh -c 'rm -f /etc/sudoers.d/*; /usr/sbin/shutdown -P now'"
ssh_private_key_file = data.sshkey.install.private_key_path # [tl! **:1 ~~:1]
ssh_public_key = data.sshkey.install.public_key
data_source_content = { # [tl! **:23]
"/meta-data" = file("${abspath(path.root)}/data/meta-data")
"/user-data" = templatefile("${abspath(path.root)}/data/user-data.pkrtpl.hcl", { # [tl! **:20 ~~:20]
apt_mirror = var.cloud_init_apt_mirror
apt_packages = var.cloud_init_apt_packages
build_password_hash = local.build_password_hash
build_username = local.build_username
ssh_keys = concat([local.ssh_public_key], [local.build_public_key])
vm_guest_os_hostname = var.vm_name
vm_guest_os_keyboard = var.vm_guest_os_keyboard
vm_guest_os_language = var.vm_guest_os_language
vm_guest_os_timezone = var.vm_guest_os_timezone
vm_guest_part_audit = var.vm_guest_part_audit
vm_guest_part_boot = var.vm_guest_part_boot
vm_guest_part_efi = var.vm_guest_part_efi
vm_guest_part_home = var.vm_guest_part_home
vm_guest_part_log = var.vm_guest_part_log
vm_guest_part_root = var.vm_guest_part_root
vm_guest_part_swap = var.vm_guest_part_swap
vm_guest_part_tmp = var.vm_guest_part_tmp
vm_guest_part_var = var.vm_guest_part_var
vm_guest_part_vartmp = var.vm_guest_part_vartmp
})
}
}
```
The `source {}` block is where we get to the meat of the operation. This matches the input and local variables to the Packer options that tell it:
- how to connect and authenticate to the Proxmox host (ll. 110-113, 116),
- what virtual hardware settings the VM should have (ll. 119-141),
- that `local.data_source_content` (which contains the rendered `cloud-init` configuration) should be mounted as a virtual CD-ROM device (ll. 144-149),
- to download and verify the installer ISO from `var.iso_url`, save it to `local.proxmox_iso_storage_pool`, and mount it as the primary CD-ROM device (ll. 150-155),
- what command to run at boot to start the install process (l. 159),
- and how to communicate with the VM once the install is under way (ll. 163-168).
```hcl
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":104}
// BLOCK: source
// Defines the builder configuration blocks.
source "proxmox-iso" "linux-server" {
// Proxmox Endpoint Settings and Credentials
insecure_skip_tls_verify = local.proxmox_insecure_connection # [tl! **:3 ~~:3]
proxmox_url = local.proxmox_url
token = local.proxmox_token_secret
username = local.proxmox_token_id
// Node Settings
node = local.proxmox_node # [tl! ** ~~]
// Virtual Machine Settings
bios = "ovmf" # [tl! **:22 ~~:22]
cores = var.vm_cpu_cores
cpu_type = var.vm_cpu_type
memory = var.vm_mem_size
os = var.vm_guest_os_type
scsi_controller = var.vm_scsi_controller
sockets = var.vm_cpu_count
template_description = local.build_description
template_name = var.vm_name
vm_name = var.vm_name
disks {
disk_size = var.vm_disk_size
storage_pool = local.proxmox_vm_storage_pool
}
efi_config {
efi_storage_pool = local.proxmox_vm_storage_pool
efi_type = "4m"
pre_enrolled_keys = true
}
network_adapters {
bridge = local.proxmox_network_bridge
model = var.vm_network_model
}
// Removable Media Settings
additional_iso_files {
cd_content = local.data_source_content
cd_label = var.cd_label
iso_storage_pool = local.proxmox_iso_storage_pool
unmount = var.remove_cdrom
}
iso_checksum = local.iso_checksum
// iso_file = local.iso_path
iso_url = var.iso_url
iso_download_pve = true
iso_storage_pool = local.proxmox_iso_storage_pool
unmount_iso = var.remove_cdrom
// Boot and Provisioning Settings
boot_command = var.vm_boot_command
boot_wait = var.vm_boot_wait
// Communicator Settings and Credentials
communicator = "ssh"
ssh_clear_authorized_keys = var.build_remove_keys
ssh_port = var.communicator_port
ssh_private_key_file = local.ssh_private_key_file
ssh_timeout = var.communicator_timeout
ssh_username = local.build_username
}
```
// BLOCK: build
// Defines the builders to run, provisioners, and post-processors.
build {
sources = [
"source.proxmox-iso.linux-server"
]
provisioner "file" {
source = "certs"
destination = "/tmp"
}
provisioner "file" {
source = "scripts/linux/join-domain.sh"
destination = "/home/${local.build_username}/join-domain.sh"
}
provisioner "shell" {
execute_command = "bash {{ .Path }}"
expect_disconnect = true
scripts = formatlist("${path.cwd}/%s", var.post_install_scripts)
}
provisioner "shell" {
env = {
"BOOTLOADER_PASSWORD" = local.bootloader_password
}
execute_command = "{{ .Vars }} bash {{ .Path }}"
expect_disconnect = true
pause_before = "30s"
scripts = formatlist("${path.cwd}/%s", var.pre_final_scripts)
}
}
```
#### `cloud-init` Config
Now let's drill into that `cloud-init` template file, `builds/linux/ubuntu/22-04-lts/data/user-data.pkrtpl.hcl`. It follows the basic YAML-based syntax of a standard [cloud config file](https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/examples.html), but with some [HCL templating](https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer/docs/templates/hcl_templates/functions/file/templatefile) to pull in certain values from elsewhere.
```yaml ```yaml
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true} # torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
@ -478,6 +1084,15 @@ autoinstall:
``` ```
Some of the key tasks handled by this configuration include: Some of the key tasks handled by this configuration include:
- stopping the SSH server (line 10), - stopping the SSH server (l. 10),
- setting the hostname (line 12), inserting username and password (lines 13-14), - setting the hostname (l 12), inserting username and password (ll. 13-14),
- - enabling (temporary) passwordless-sudo (ll. 17-18),
- installing a templated list of packages (ll. 30-35),
- inserting a templated list of SSH public keys (ll. 39-44),
- and other needful things like setting up drive partitioning.
`cloud-init` will reboot the VM once it completes, and when it comes back online it will have a DHCP-issued IP address and the accounts/credentials needed for Packer to log in via SSH and continue the setup.
#### Setup Scripts
#### Build Script