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+---
+title: "Blocking AI Crawlers"
+date: 2024-04-12
+# lastmod: 2024-04-12
+description: "Using Hugo to politely ask AI bots to not steal my content - and then configuring Cloudflare's WAF to actively block them, just to be sure."
+featured: false
+toc: true
+comments: true
+categories: Backstage
+tags:
+  - cloud
+  - cloudflare
+  - hugo
+  - meta
+  - selfhosting
+---
+I've seen some recent posts from folks like [Cory Dransfeldt](https://coryd.dev/posts/2024/go-ahead-and-block-ai-web-crawlers/) and [Ethan Marcotte](https://ethanmarcotte.com/wrote/blockin-bots/) about how (and *why*) to prevent your personal website from being slurped up by the crawlers that AI companies use to [actively enshittify the internet](https://boehs.org/node/llms-destroying-internet). I figured it was past time for me to hop on board with this, so here we are.
+
+My initial approach was to use [Hugo's robots.txt templating](https://gohugo.io/templates/robots/) to generate a `robots.txt` file based on a list of bad bots I got from [ai.robots.txt on GitHub](https://github.com/ai-robots-txt/ai.robots.txt).
+
+I dumped that list into my `config/params.toml` file, *above* any of the nested elements (since toml is kind of picky about that...).
+
+```toml
+robots = [
+  "AdsBot-Google",
+  "Amazonbot",
+  "anthropic-ai",
+  "Applebot",
+  "AwarioRssBot",
+  "AwarioSmartBot",
+  "Bytespider",
+  "CCBot",
+  "ChatGPT",
+  "ChatGPT-User",
+  "Claude-Web",
+  "ClaudeBot",
+  "cohere-ai",
+  "DataForSeoBot",
+  "Diffbot",
+  "FacebookBot",
+  "Google-Extended",
+  "GPTBot",
+  "ImagesiftBot",
+  "magpie-crawler",
+  "omgili",
+  "Omgilibot",
+  "peer39_crawler",
+  "PerplexityBot",
+  "YouBot"
+]
+
+[author]
+name = "John Bowdre"
+```
+
+I then created a new template in `layouts/robots.txt`:
+
+```text
+Sitemap: {{ .Site.BaseURL }}/sitemap.xml
+
+User-agent: *
+Disallow:
+{{ range .Site.Params.robots }}
+User-agent: {{ . }}
+{{- end }}
+Disallow: /
+```
+
+And enabled the template processing for this in my `config/hugo.toml` file:
+
+```toml
+enableRobotsTXT = true
+```
+
+Now Hugo will generate the following `robots.txt` file for me:
+
+```text
+Sitemap: https://runtimeterror.dev//sitemap.xml
+
+User-agent: *
+Disallow:
+
+User-agent: AdsBot-Google
+User-agent: Amazonbot
+User-agent: anthropic-ai
+User-agent: Applebot
+User-agent: AwarioRssBot
+User-agent: AwarioSmartBot
+User-agent: Bytespider
+User-agent: CCBot
+User-agent: ChatGPT
+User-agent: ChatGPT-User
+User-agent: Claude-Web
+User-agent: ClaudeBot
+User-agent: cohere-ai
+User-agent: DataForSeoBot
+User-agent: Diffbot
+User-agent: FacebookBot
+User-agent: Google-Extended
+User-agent: GPTBot
+User-agent: ImagesiftBot
+User-agent: magpie-crawler
+User-agent: omgili
+User-agent: Omgilibot
+User-agent: peer39_crawler
+User-agent: PerplexityBot
+User-agent: YouBot
+Disallow: /
+```
+
+Cool!
+
+I also dropped the following into `static/ai.txt` for good measure:
+
+```text
+# Spawning AI
+# Prevent datasets from using the following file types
+
+User-Agent: *
+Disallow: /
+Disallow: *
+```
+
+That's all well and good, but these files carry all the weight of a "No Soliciting" sign. Do I *really* trust these bots to honor it?
+
+I'm hosting this site [on Neocities](/deploy-hugo-neocities-github-actions/), but it's fronted by Cloudflare. So I added a [WAF Custom Rule](https://developers.cloudflare.com/waf/custom-rules/) to block those unwanted bots. Here's the expression I'm using:
+
+```text
+(http.user_agent contains "AdsBot-Google") or (http.user_agent contains "Amazonbot") or (http.user_agent contains "anthropic-ai") or (http.user_agent contains "Applebot") or (http.user_agent contains "AwarioRssBot") or (http.user_agent contains "AwarioSmartBot") or (http.user_agent contains "Bytespider") or (http.user_agent contains "CCBot") or (http.user_agent contains "ChatGPT-User") or (http.user_agent contains "ClaudeBot") or (http.user_agent contains "Claude-Web") or (http.user_agent contains "cohere-ai") or (http.user_agent contains "DataForSeoBot") or (http.user_agent contains "FacebookBot") or (http.user_agent contains "Google-Extended") or (http.user_agent contains "GoogleOther") or (http.user_agent contains "GPTBot") or (http.user_agent contains "ImagesiftBot") or (http.user_agent contains "magpie-crawler") or (http.user_agent contains "Meltwater") or (http.user_agent contains "omgili") or (http.user_agent contains "omgilibot") or (http.user_agent contains "peer39_crawler") or (http.user_agent contains "peer39_crawler/1.0") or (http.user_agent contains "PerplexityBot") or (http.user_agent contains "Seekr") or (http.user_agent contains "YouBot")
+```
+
+![Creating a custom WAF rule in Cloudflare's web UI](cloudflare-waf-rule.png)
+
+I'll probably streamline this in the future to be managed with a GitHub Actions workflow but this will do for now.