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new post: automate-packer-builds-github-actions
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---
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title: "Automate Packer Builds with GithHub Actions"
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date: "2024-07-25T02:28:10Z"
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# lastmod: 2024-07-21
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description: "Using a GitHub Actions workflow, self-hosted runners, rootless Docker, Packer, and Vault to automatically build VM templates on Proxmox."
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featured: false
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toc: true
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reply: true
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categories: Code
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tags:
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- api
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- automation
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- containers
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- docker
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- iac
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- linux
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- packer
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- proxmox
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- selfhosting
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- shell
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- tailscale
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---
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I recently shared how I [set up Packer to build Proxmox templates](/building-proxmox-templates-packer/) in my homelab. That post covered storing (and retrieving) environment-specific values in Vault, the `cloud-init` configuration for defining the installation parameters, the various post-install scripts for further customizing and hardening the template, and the Packer template files that tie it all together. By the end of the post, I was able to simply run `./build.sh ubuntu2204` to kick the build of a new Ubuntu 22.04 template without having to do any other interaction with the process.
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That's pretty cool, but *The Dream* is to not have to do anything at all. So that's what this post is about: setting up a self-hosted GitHub Actions Runner to perform the build and a GitHub Actions workflow to trigger it.
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### Self-Hosted Runner
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When a GitHub Actions workflow fires, it schedules the job(s) to run on GitHub's own infrastructure. That's easy and convenient, but can make things tricky when you need a workflow to interact with on-prem infrastructure. I've worked around that in the past by [configuring the runner to connect to my tailnet](/gemini-capsule-gempost-github-actions/#publish-github-actions), but given the amount of data that will need to be transferred during the Packer build I decided that a [self-hosted runner](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/hosting-your-own-runners/managing-self-hosted-runners/about-self-hosted-runners) would be a better solution.
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I wanted my runner to execute the build inside of a Docker container for better control of the environment, and I wanted that container to run [without elevated permissions (rootless)](https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/rootless/).
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{{% notice note "Self-Hosted Runner Security" %}}
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GitHub [strongly recommends](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/hosting-your-own-runners/managing-self-hosted-runners/about-self-hosted-runners#self-hosted-runner-security) that you only use self-hosted runners with **private** repositories. You don't want a misconfigured workflow to allow a pull request submitted from a fork to run potentially-malicious code on your system(s).
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So while I have a [public repo](https://github.com/jbowdre/packer-proxmox-templates/) to share my Packer work, my runner environment is attached to an otherwise-identical private repo. I'd recommend following a similar setup.
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{{% /notice %}}
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#### Setup Rootless Docker Host
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I start by cloning a fresh Ubuntu 22.04 VM off of my new template. After doing the basic initial setup (setting the hostname and IP, connecting it Tailscale, and so on), I create a user account for the runner to use. That account will need sudo privileges during the initial setup, but those will be revoked later on. I also set a password for the account.
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```shell
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sudo useradd -m -G sudo -s $(which bash) github # [tl! .cmd:1]
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sudo passwd github
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```
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I then install the `systemd-container` package so that I can use [`machinectl`](https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/machinectl.1.html) to log in as the new user (since [`sudo su` won't work for the rootless setup](https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/rootless/#unable-to-install-with-systemd-when-systemd-is-present-on-the-system)).
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```shell
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sudo apt update # [tl! .cmd:2]
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sudo apt install systemd-container
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sudo machinectl shell github@
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```
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And I install the `uidmap` package since rootless Docker requires `newuidmap` and `newgidmap`:
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```shell
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sudo apt install uidmap # [tl! .cmd]
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```
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At this point, I can follow the usual [Docker installation instructions](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/ubuntu/#install-using-the-repository):
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```shell
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# Add Docker's official GPG key:
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sudo apt-get update # [tl! .cmd:4]
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sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl
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sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
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sudo curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
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sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
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# Add the repository to apt sources:
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echo \ # [tl! .cmd]
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"deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
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$(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME") stable" | \
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sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
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sudo apt-get update # [tl! .cmd]
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# Install the Docker packages:
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sudo apt-get install \ # [tl! .cmd]
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docker-ce \
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docker-ce-cli \
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containerd.io \
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docker-buildx-plugin \
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docker-compose-plugin
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```
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Now it's time for the rootless setup, which starts by disabling the existing Docker service and socket and then running the `dockerd-rootless-setuptool.sh` script:
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```shell
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sudo systemctl disable --now docker.service docker.socket # [tl! .cmd:1]
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sudo rm /var/run/docker.sock
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dockerd-rootless-setuptool.sh install # [tl! .cmd]
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```
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Next, I enable and start the service in the user context, and I enable "linger" for the `github` user so that its systemd instance can continue to function even while the user is not logged in:
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```shell
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systemctl --user enable --now docker # [tl! .cmd:1]
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sudo loginctl enable-linger $(whoami)
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```
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That should take care of setting up Docker, and I can quickly confirm by spawning the usual `hello-world` container:
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```shell
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docker run hello-world # [tl! .cmd]
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Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally # [tl! .nocopy:25]
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latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
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c1ec31eb5944: Pull complete
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Digest: sha256:1408fec50309afee38f3535383f5b09419e6dc0925bc69891e79d84cc4cdcec6
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Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest
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Hello from Docker!
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This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
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To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
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1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
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2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
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(amd64)
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3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
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executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
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4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
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to your terminal.
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To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
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$ docker run -it ubuntu bash
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Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
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https://hub.docker.com/
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For more examples and ideas, visit:
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https://docs.docker.com/get-started/
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```
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So the Docker piece is sorted; now for setting up the runner.
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#### Install/Configure Runner
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I know I've been talking about a singular runner, but I'm actually seting up multiple instances of the runner on the same host to allow running jobs in parallel. I could probably support four simultaneous builds in my homelab but I'll settle two runners for now (after all, I only have two build flavors so far anyway).
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Each runner instance needs its own directory so I create those under `/opt/github/`:
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```shell
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sudo mkdir -p /opt/github/runner{1..2} # [tl! .cmd:2]
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sudo chown -R github:github /opt/github
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cd /opt/github
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```
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And then I download the [latest runner package](https://github.com/actions/runner/releases):
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```shell
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curl -O -L https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/download/v2.317.0/actions-runner-linux-x64-2.317.0.tar.gz # [tl! .cmd]
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```
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For each runner, I:
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- Extract the runner software into the designated directory and `cd` into it:
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```shell
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tar xzf ./actions-runner-linux-x64-2.317.0.tar.gz --directory=runner1 # [tl! .cmd:1]
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cd runner1
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```
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- Go to my private GitHub repo, navigate to **Settings > Actions > Runners**, and click the big friendly **New self-hosted runner** button at the top-right of the page. All I really need from that is the token which appears in the **Configure** section. Once I have that token, I...
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- Run the configuration script, accepting the defaults for every prompt *except* for the runner name, which must be unique within the repository (so `runner1`, `runner2`, so on):
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```shell
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./config.sh \ # [tl! **:2 .cmd]
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--url https://github.com/[GITHUB_USERNAME]/[GITHUB_REPO] \
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--token [TOKEN] # [tl! .nocopy:1,35]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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| ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ |
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| / ___(_) |_| | | |_ _| |__ / \ ___| |_(_) ___ _ __ ___ |
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| | | _| | __| |_| | | | | '_ \ / _ \ / __| __| |/ _ \| '_ \/ __| |
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| | |_| | | |_| _ | |_| | |_) | / ___ \ (__| |_| | (_) | | | \__ \ |
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| \____|_|\__|_| |_|\__,_|_.__/ /_/ \_\___|\__|_|\___/|_| |_|___/ |
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| |
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| Self-hosted runner registration |
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| |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Authentication
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√ Connected to GitHub
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# Runner Registration
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Enter the name of the runner group to add this runner to: [press Enter for Default]
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Enter the name of runner: [press Enter for runner] runner1 # [tl! ** ~~]
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This runner will have the following labels: 'self-hosted', 'Linux', 'X64'
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Enter any additional labels (ex. label-1,label-2): [press Enter to skip]
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√ Runner successfully added
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√ Runner connection is good
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# Runner settings
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Enter name of work folder: [press Enter for _work]
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√ Settings Saved.
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```
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- Use the `svc.sh` script to install it as a user service, and start it running as the `github` user:
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```shell
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sudo ./svc.sh install $(whoami) # [tl! .cmd:1]
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sudo ./svc.sh start $(whoami)
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```
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Once all of the runner instances are configured I can remove the `github` user from the `sudo` group:
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```shell
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sudo deluser github sudo # [tl! .cmd]
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```
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And I can see that my new runners are successfully connected to my *private* GitHub repo:
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I now have a place to execute the Packer builds, I just need to tell the runner how to do that. And that's means it's time to talk about the...
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### GitHub Actions Workflow
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My solution for this consists of a Github Actions workflow which calls a custom action to spawn a Docker container and do the work. Let's start with the innermost component (the Docker image) and work out from there.
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#### Docker Image
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I'm using a customized Docker image consisting of Packer and associated tools with the addition of the [wrapper script](/building-proxmox-templates-packer/#wrapper-script) that I used for local builds. That image will be integrated with a custom action called `packerbuild`.
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So I'll create a folder to hold my new action (and Dockerfile):
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```shell
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mkdir -p .github/actions/packerbuild # [tl! .cmd]
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```
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I don't want to maintain two copies of the `build.sh` script, so I move it into this new folder and create a symlink to it back at the top of the repo:
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```shell
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mv build.sh .github/actions/packerbuild/ # [tl! .cmd:1]
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ln -s .github/actions/packerbuild/build.sh build.sh
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```
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That way I can easily load the script into the Docker image while also having it available for running on-demand local builds as needed.
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And as a quick reminder, that `build.sh` script accepts a single argument to specify what build to produce and then fires off the appropriate Packer commands:
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```shell
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# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
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#!/usr/bin/env bash
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# Run a single packer build
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#
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# Specify the build as an argument to the script. Ex:
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# ./build.sh ubuntu2204
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set -eu
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if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
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echo """
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Syntax: $0 [BUILD]
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Where [BUILD] is one of the supported OS builds:
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ubuntu2204 ubuntu2404
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"""
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exit 1
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fi
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if [ ! "${VAULT_TOKEN+x}" ]; then
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#shellcheck disable=SC1091
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source vault-env.sh || ( echo "No Vault config found"; exit 1 )
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fi
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build_name="${1,,}"
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build_path=
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case $build_name in
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ubuntu2204)
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build_path="builds/linux/ubuntu/22-04-lts/"
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;;
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ubuntu2404)
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build_path="builds/linux/ubuntu/24-04-lts/"
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;;
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*)
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echo "Unknown build; exiting..."
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exit 1
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;;
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esac
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packer init "${build_path}"
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packer build -on-error=cleanup -force "${build_path}"
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```
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I use the following `Dockerfile` to create the environment in which the build will be executed:
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```Dockerfile
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# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
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FROM alpine:3.20
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ENV PACKER_VERSION=1.10.3
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RUN apk --no-cache upgrade \
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&& apk add --no-cache \
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bash \
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curl \
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git \
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openssl \
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wget \
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xorriso
|
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|
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ADD https://releases.hashicorp.com/packer/${PACKER_VERSION}/packer_${PACKER_VERSION}_linux_amd64.zip ./
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ADD https://releases.hashicorp.com/packer/${PACKER_VERSION}/packer_${PACKER_VERSION}_SHA256SUMS ./
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|
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RUN sed -i '/.*linux_amd64.zip/!d' packer_${PACKER_VERSION}_SHA256SUMS \
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&& sha256sum -c packer_${PACKER_VERSION}_SHA256SUMS \
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&& unzip packer_${PACKER_VERSION}_linux_amd64.zip -d /bin \
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&& rm -f packer_${PACKER_VERSION}_linux_amd64.zip packer_${PACKER_VERSION}_SHA256SUMS
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COPY build.sh /bin/build.sh
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RUN chmod +x /bin/build.sh
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|
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ENTRYPOINT ["/bin/build.sh"]
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```
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||||
It starts with a minimal `alpine` base image and installs a few common packages (and `xorriso` to support the creation of ISO images). It then downloads the indicated version of the Packer installer and extracts it to `/bin/`. Finally it copies the `build.sh` script into the image and sets it as the `ENTRYPOINT`.
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#### Custom Action
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Turning this Docker image into an action requires just a smidge of YAML to describe how to interact with the image.
|
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|
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Behold, `.github/actions/packerbuild/action.yml`:
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```yaml
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# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
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name: 'Execute Packer Build'
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description: 'Performs a Packer build'
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inputs:
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build-flavor:
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description: 'The build to execute'
|
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required: true
|
||||
runs:
|
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using: 'docker'
|
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image: 'Dockerfile'
|
||||
args:
|
||||
- ${{ inputs.build-flavor }}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the action expects (nay, requires!) a `build-flavor` input to line up with `build.sh`'s expected parameter. The action will run in Docker using the image defined in the local `Dockerfile`, and will pass `${{ inputs.build-flavor }}` as the sole argument to that image.
|
||||
|
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Alright, let's tie it all together with the automation workflow now.
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#### The Workflow
|
||||
The workflow is defined in `.github/workflows/build.yml`. It starts simply enough with a name and an explanation of when the workflow should be executed.
|
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|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true}
|
||||
name: Build VM Templates
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|
||||
on:
|
||||
workflow_dispatch:
|
||||
schedule:
|
||||
- cron: '0 8 * * 1'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`workflow_dispatch` sets it so I can manually execute the workflow from the GitHub Actions UI (for testing / as a treat), and the `cron` schedule configures the workflow to run automatically every Monday at 8:00 AM (UTC).
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||||
|
||||
Rather than rely on an environment file (ew), I'm securely storing the `VAULT_ADDR` and `VAULT_TOKEN` values in GitHub [repository secrets](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/using-secrets-in-github-actions). So I introduce those values into the workflow like so:
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":8}
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||||
env:
|
||||
VAULT_ADDR: ${{ secrets.VAULT_ADDR }}
|
||||
VAULT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.VAULT_TOKEN }}
|
||||
```
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||||
|
||||
When I did the [Vault setup](/building-proxmox-templates-packer/#vault-configuration), I created the token with a `period` of `336` hours; that means that the token will only remain valid as long as it gets renewed at least once every two weeks. So I start the `jobs:` block with a simple call to [Vault's REST API](https://developer.hashicorp.com/vault/api-docs/auth/token#renew-a-token-self) to renew the token before each run:
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||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":12}
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||||
jobs:
|
||||
prepare:
|
||||
name: Prepare
|
||||
runs-on: self-hosted
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
- name: Renew Vault Token
|
||||
run: |
|
||||
curl -s --header "X-Vault-Token:${VAULT_TOKEN}" \
|
||||
--request POST "${VAULT_ADDR}v1/auth/token/renew-self" | grep -q auth
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming that token is renewed successfully, the Build job uses a [matrix strategy](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#jobsjob_idstrategymatrixinclude) to enumerate the `build-flavor`s that will need to be built. All of the following steps will be repeated for each flavor.
|
||||
|
||||
And the first step is to simply check out the GitHub repo so that the runner has all the latest code.
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":22}
|
||||
builds:
|
||||
name: Build
|
||||
needs: prepare
|
||||
runs-on: self-hosted
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
matrix:
|
||||
build-flavor:
|
||||
- ubuntu2204
|
||||
- ubuntu2404
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
- name: Checkout
|
||||
uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To get the runner to interact with the rootless Docker setup we'll need to export the `DOCKER_HOST` variable and point it to the Docker socket registered by the user... which first means obtaining the UID of that user and echoing it to the special `$GITHUB_OUTPUT` variable so it can be passed to the next step:
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":34}
|
||||
- name: Get UID of Github user
|
||||
id: runner_uid
|
||||
run: |
|
||||
echo "gh_uid=$(id -u)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And now, finally, for the actual build. The `Build template` step calls the `.github/actions/packerbuild` custom action, sets the `DOCKER_HOST` value to the location of `docker.sock` (using the UID obtained earlier) so the runner will know how to interact with rootless Docker, and passes along the `build-flavor` from the matrix to influence which template will be created.
|
||||
|
||||
If it fails for some reason, the `Retry on failure` step will try again, just in case it was a transient glitch like a network error or a hung process.
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
# torchlight! {"lineNumbers":true, "lineNumbersStart":38}
|
||||
- name: Build template
|
||||
id: build
|
||||
uses: ./.github/actions/packerbuild
|
||||
timeout-minutes: 90
|
||||
env:
|
||||
DOCKER_HOST: unix:///run/user/${{ steps.runner_uid.outputs.gh_uid }}/docker.sock
|
||||
with:
|
||||
build-flavor: ${{ matrix.build-flavor }}
|
||||
continue-on-error: true
|
||||
- name: Retry on failure
|
||||
id: retry
|
||||
if: steps.build.outcome == 'failure'
|
||||
uses: ./.github/actions/packerbuild
|
||||
timeout-minutes: 90
|
||||
env:
|
||||
DOCKER_HOST: unix:///run/user/${{ steps.runner_uid.outputs.gh_uid }}/docker.sock
|
||||
with:
|
||||
build-flavor: ${{ matrix.build-flavor }}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here's the complete `.github/workflows/build.yml`, all in one code block:
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
name: Build VM Templates
|
||||
|
||||
on:
|
||||
workflow_dispatch:
|
||||
schedule:
|
||||
- cron: '0 8 * * 1'
|
||||
|
||||
env:
|
||||
VAULT_ADDR: ${{ secrets.VAULT_ADDR }}
|
||||
VAULT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.VAULT_TOKEN }}
|
||||
|
||||
jobs:
|
||||
prepare:
|
||||
name: Prepare
|
||||
runs-on: self-hosted
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
- name: Renew Vault Token
|
||||
run: |
|
||||
curl -s --header "X-Vault-Token:${VAULT_TOKEN}" \
|
||||
--request POST "${VAULT_ADDR}v1/auth/token/renew-self" | grep -q auth
|
||||
|
||||
builds:
|
||||
name: Build
|
||||
needs: prepare
|
||||
runs-on: self-hosted
|
||||
strategy:
|
||||
matrix:
|
||||
build-flavor:
|
||||
- ubuntu2204
|
||||
- ubuntu2404
|
||||
steps:
|
||||
- name: Checkout
|
||||
uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
||||
- name: Get UID of Github user
|
||||
id: runner_uid
|
||||
run: |
|
||||
echo "gh_uid=$(id -u)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
|
||||
- name: Build template
|
||||
id: build
|
||||
uses: ./.github/actions/packerbuild
|
||||
timeout-minutes: 90
|
||||
env:
|
||||
DOCKER_HOST: unix:///run/user/${{ steps.runner_uid.outputs.gh_uid }}/docker.sock
|
||||
with:
|
||||
build-flavor: ${{ matrix.build-flavor }}
|
||||
continue-on-error: true
|
||||
- name: Retry on failure
|
||||
id: retry
|
||||
if: steps.build.outcome == 'failure'
|
||||
uses: ./.github/actions/packerbuild
|
||||
timeout-minutes: 90
|
||||
env:
|
||||
DOCKER_HOST: unix:///run/user/${{ steps.runner_uid.outputs.gh_uid }}/docker.sock
|
||||
with:
|
||||
build-flavor: ${{ matrix.build-flavor }}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Your Templates Are Served
|
||||
All that's left at this point is to `git commit` and `git push` this to my *private* repo. I can then visit the repo on the web, go to the **Actions** tab, select the new **Build VM Templates** workflow on the left, and click the **Run workflow** button. That fires off the build, and I can check back a few minutes later to confirm that it completed successfully:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And I can also consult with my Proxmox host and confirm that the new VM templates were indeed created:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For future builds, I don't have to actually do anything at all. GitHub will automatically trigger this workflow every Monday morning so my templates will never be more than a week out-of-date. Pretty slick, right?
|
||||
|
||||
You can check out my *public* repo at [github.com/jbowdre/packer-proxmox-templates/](https://github.com/jbowdre/packer-proxmox-templates/) to explore the full setup - and to follow along as I add support for additional OS flavors.
|
||||
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